The Council of Nicea and the Arian Controversy

The Council of Nicea and the Arian Controversy The Arian contention (not to be mistaken for the Indo-Europeans known as Aryans) was a talk that happened in the Christian church of the fourth century CE, that took steps to overturn the importance of the congregation itself. The Christian church, similar to the Judaic church before it, was focused on monotheism: all the Abrahamic religions state there is just a single God. Arius (256â€336 CE), a genuinely dark researcher and presbyter at Alexandria and initially from Libya, is said to have contended that the manifestation of Jesus Christ compromised that monotheistic status of the Christian church, since he was not of a similar substance as God, rather an animal made by God thus fit for bad habit. The Council of Nicea was called, to some extent, to determine this issue. The Council of Nicea The main committee of Nicea (Nicaea) was the primary ecumenical gathering of the Christian church, and it kept going among May and August, 325 CE. It was held in Nicea, Bithynia (in Anatolia, present day Turkey), and an aggregate of 318 priests joined in, as per the records of the cleric at Nicea, Athanasius (minister from 328â€273). The number 318 is a representative number for the Abrahamic religions: essentially, there would be one member at Nicea to speak to every one of the individuals from the Biblical Abrahams family unit. The Nicean committee had three objectives: to determine the Melitian discussion which was over the readmission to the Church of slipped by Christians,to build up how to ascertain the date of Easter every year, andto settle matters worked up by Arius, the presbyter at Alexandria. Athanasius (296â€373 CE) was a significant fourth-century Christian scholar and one of the eight extraordinary Doctors of the Church. He was additionally the major, but polemical and one-sided, contemporary source we have on the convictions of Arius and his supporters. Athanasius translation was trailed by the later Church students of history Socrates, Sozomen, and Theodoret. Church Councils At the point when Christianity grabbed hold in the Roman Empire, the principle presently couldn't seem to be fixed. A committee is a get together of scholars and church dignitaries assembled to examine the principle of the congregation. There have been 21 gatherings of what turned into the Catholic Church-17 of them happened before 1453). The issues of understanding (some portion of the doctrinal issues), rose when scholars attempted to judiciously clarify the at the same time perfect and human parts of Christ. This was particularly hard to manage without turning to agnostic ideas, specifically having more than one perfect being. When the boards had decided such parts of teaching and blasphemy, as they did in the early chambers, they proceeded onward to chapel order and conduct. The Arians were not rivals of the standard position since conventionality still couldn't seem to be characterized. Restricting Images of God On a basic level, the debate before the congregation was the means by which to fit Christ into the religion as a perfect figure without disturbing the thought of monotheism. In the fourth century, there were a few potential thoughts that would represent that. The Sabellians (after the Libyan Sabellius) instructed that there was a solitary substance, the prosÃ¥ pon, comprised of God the Father and Christ the Son.The Trinitarian Church fathers, Bishop Alexander of Alexandria and his elder, Athanasius, accepted there were three people in a single god (Father, Son, Holy Spirit).The Monarchianists had faith in just a single indissoluble being. These included Arius, who was presbyter in Alexandria under the Trinitarian minister, and Eusebius, Bishop of Nicomedia (the man who instituted the term oecumenical chamber and who had assessed cooperation at a considerably lower and progressively practical participation of 250 priests). At the point when Alexander blamed Arius for denying the second and third individual of the Godhead, Arius blamed Alexander for Sabellian inclinations. Homo Ousion versus Homoi Ousion The staying point at the Nicene Council was an idea discovered no place in the Bible: homoousion. As indicated by the idea of homo ousion, Christ the Son was consubstantial-the word is the Roman interpretation from the Greek, and it implies that there was no distinction between the Father and the Son. Arius and Eusebius oppose this idea. Arius thought the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit were physically independent from one another, and that the Father made the Son as a different substance: the contention relied on the introduction of Christ to a human mother. Here is a section from a letter Arian kept in touch with Eusebius: (4.) We can't tune in to these sorts of iconoclasms, regardless of whether the apostates undermine us with ten thousand passings. In any case, what do we say and think and what have we recently educated and do we by and by instruct? - that the Son isn't unbegotten, nor a piece of an unbegotten substance in any capacity, nor from anything in presence, however that he is staying alive in will and expectation before time and before the ages, full God, the main conceived, unchangeable. (5.) Before he was generated, or made, or characterized, or set up, he didn't exist. For he was not unbegotten. Yet, we are aggrieved in light of the fact that we have said the Son has a start yet God has no start. We are mistreated thus and for saying he originated from non-being. In any case, we said this since he isn't a segment of God nor of anything in presence. That is the reason we are abused; you know the rest. Arius and his devotees, the Arians, accepted if the Son were equivalent to the Father, there would be more than one God: yet Christianity must be a monotheistic religion, and Athanasius accepted that by demanding Christ was a different element, Arius was bringing the congregation into folklore or more awful, polytheism. Further, contradicting Trinitarians accepted that making Christ a subordinate to God lessened the significance of the Son. Faltering Decision of Constantine At the Nicean chamber, the Trinitarian religious administrators won, and the Trinity was set up as the center of the Christian church. Sovereign Constantine (280â€337 CE), who might possibly have been a Christian at the time-Constantine was sanctified through water in the blink of an eye before he passed on, however had made Christianity the official state religion of the Roman Empire when of the Nicean gathering mediated. The choice of the Trinitarians made Ariuss questions sin likened to revolt, so Constantine banished the expelled Arius to Illyria (present day Albania). Constantines companion and Arian-supporter Eusebius, and a neighboring priest, Theognis, were likewise ousted to Gaul (present day France). In 328, be that as it may, Constantine turned around his assessment about the Arian apostasy and had both ousted ministers reestablished. Simultaneously, Arius was reviewed from banish. Eusebius in the long run pulled back his complaint, yet at the same time wouldnt sign the announcement of confidence. Constantines sister and Eusebius chipped away at the head to acquire restoration for Arius, and they would have succeeded, if Arius hadnt out of nowhere kicked the bucket by harming, most likely, or, as some want to accept, by divine mediation. After Nicea Arianism recaptured energy and developed (getting well known with a portion of the clans that were attacking the Roman Empire, similar to the Visigoths) and made due in some structure until the rules of Gratian and Theodosius, at which time, St. Ambrose (c. 340â€397) set to work getting rid of it. Yet, the discussion in no way, shape or form was over in the fourth century. Discussion proceeded into the fifth century and past, with: ... showdown between the Alexandrian school, with its symbolic understanding of sacred text and its accentuation on the one idea of the celestial Logos made substance, and the Antiochene school, which supported an increasingly strict perusing of sacred writing and focused on the two natures in Christ after the association. (Pauline Allen, 2000) Commemoration of the Nicene Creed August 25, 2012, denoted the 1687th commemoration of the production of the consequence of the Council of Nicea, an at first disputable record listing the fundamental convictions of Christians the Nicene Creed. Sources Allen, Pauline. The definition and authorization of universality. Late Antiquity: Empire and Successors, A.D. 425â€600. Eds. Averil Cameron, Bryan Ward-Perkins, and Michael Whitby. Cambridge University Press, 2000.Barnes, T. D. Constantine and the Christians of Persia. The Journal of Roman Studies 75 (1985): 126â€36. Print.. Constantines Prohibition of Pagan Sacrifice. The American Journal of Philology 105.1 (1984): 69â€72. Print.Curran, John. Constantine and the Ancient Cults of Rome: The Legal Evidence. Greece and Rome 43.1 (1996): 68â€80. Print.Edwards, Mark. The First Council of Nicaea. The Cambridge History of Christianity: Volume 1: Origins to Constantine. Eds. Youthful, Frances M. furthermore, Margaret M. Mitchell. Vol. 1. Cambridge History of Christianity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006. 552â€67. Print.Grant, Robert M. Religion and Politics at the Council at Nicaea. The Journal of Religion 55.1 (1975): 1â€12. Print.Gwynn, David M. The Eusebians: The Polemic of Athanasius of Alexandria and the Construction of the Arian Controversy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007. . Strict Diversity in Late Antiquity. Prehistoric studies and the ‘Arian Controversy’ in the Fourth Century. Brill, 2010. 229. Print.Hanson, R.P.C. The Search for the Christian Doctrine of God: The Arian Controversy, 318â€381. London: TT Clark.Jà ¶rg, Ulrich. Nicaea and the West. Vigiliae Christianae 51.1 (1997): 10â€24. Print.

Business Ethics and corporate social responsibility(new) Essay

Business Ethics and corporate social responsibility(new) - Essay Example This is obvious in the company’s publicizing and deals lists which portray optimistic adolescents keeping up the physical attributes the organization accepts are animating to different young people who look toward reference gatherings to decide and shape their characters. The brand draws in the alluring and avoids what the business thinks about the bothersome, the less appealing (Logue 2013). The CEO Mike Jeffries made an express analysis that the business recruits just pleasant looking people as salesmen and directors coming up and that the organization doesn't need individuals who are not cool to wear the company’s dress (Levinson 2013). Most of the marked garments stock gave by Abercrombie and Fitch fills in as an announcement for the organization, introducing the business’ exchanging name entirely obvious and eye-getting textual style. As the CEO accepts that this optimistic brand ought to hold its most steadfast markets, this being patterns engaged, appealin g and young purchasers, the organization accepts that advertising to other market sections would deteriorate the brand estimation of the association and make it less rousing to faithful buyers. Offered the CEO in a 2006 meeting (which has as of late reemerged in broad communications), â€Å"Candidly, we pursue the cool children. Many individuals don’t have a place in our garments, and they can’t belong† (Levinson 2013, p.1). These remarks incensed one acclaimed big name, Hollywood entertainer Kirstie Alley, who as of late shed extensive weight and in the wake of having been the survivor of media insulting about her hazardous weight gain as of late. Offered Alley, â€Å"blah, blah, blah, blah. That could never make me purchase anything from Abercrombie. I’ve got two kids...they will never stroll in those doors† (Winston 2013, p.1). Furthermore, advocates for the privileges of overweight buyers have even evolved mock publicizing efforts with an end g oal to point out open the supposed untrustworthy practices of the organization. Figure 1: Mock A&F Publicity Exposing Hostile Sentiment about CEO Comments Source: LeTrent, S. (2013). ‘Attractive and Fat’ advertisement parodies Abercrombie, CNN Living. [online] Available at: http://www.cnn.com/2013/05/23/living/abercrombie-appealing and-fat (got to 21 May 2013). The CEO liable for making this negative open backfire had, verifiably, remained by his remarks, guarding the announcements as reasonable with brand system and corporate rights. Notwithstanding, with an abrupt 17 percent drop in retail deals in the United States because of the debate (Become Gorgeous 2013), the CEO offered, â€Å"We anticipate proceeding with this exchange and finding a way to exhibit our pledge to against bullying† (News Limited 2013, p.2). In any case, preceding this remorseful explanation, Abercrombie and Fitch had been the verifiable objective of particular vested parties and genera l cultural partners for dishonest business practices related with affirmed explicitly driven delineation of its promoting models and for culpable youth showcases that are, basically, avoided by the business and its delegates. Deals keep on falling with this organization quarter by quarter. Writing audit †Ethical initiative and partner esteems Some of the individuals who contend that Abercrombie and Fit

Organisational Behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Hierarchical Behavior - Essay Example The second perspective of the hierarchical investigation is the large scale investigation of the association where the examination is planned for taking a general perspective of the entire association. Large scale perspective is likewise particularly keen on how various associations make due in changing conditions and how they figure out how to adjust to these changes, it centers uniquely around the frameworks and individuals that help the organization make a progress from this phase to the following one. Hierarchical investigations can assume an extremely significant job in the improvement of an association since it has all the fixings that would enable the businesses to form their laborers in to a work power which is a perfect one for them and for this very explanation it has been condemned by numerous on the grounds that it is seen as an apparatus by which bosses control their laborers in reality the case is entirely unexpected in light of the fact that authoritative examinations are intended to profit the representatives just as the organization that they work for. Authoritative investigations being a type of sociology the abrogating objective is to accomplish a level where the worker can control nature around him and ought to likewise have the option to foresee what will occur next because of the choices being taken inside the firm or the organization. Since this paper intends to handle both the full scale and the smaller scale side of the field of hierarchical investigation, large scale ought to be managed first. Culture Culture is one of the most under appraised bit of any organization yet the organizations that have arrived at the top or those that are viewed as the best ones have never disregarded this side of their professional workplace since it is in truth one of the most significant things in the corporate part. This is so on the grounds that the way of life characterizes how the representatives of a firm carry on and this conduct is what is critical to the field of authoritative conduct since individuals shape up an association and their conduct gets down to business the conduct or the course of the organization. The models for making a decision about workers conduct or the way of life of the association is fundamentally to check and see whether the strategies that have been drafted are executed or not and in the event that they are with what consistency and what level of severity is followed. The approaches ought to be relevant to each one in such a case that it doesn't then there would be o bvious segregation and this would be the primary separation point that would cut the organization down. The job of strategies is to decide, to provide guidance to the workers of the organization with the goal that they might have the option to find out specific things and these approaches ought to be for each one, they ought to be executed at all levels and no separation ought to be done based on position, sex, cast or religion. This advances solid learning situations and individuals that are a lot more amicable and like every others organization since they are being dealt with similarly by the organization and this advances sound workplace which is significant if an organization or an association needs to develop and develop consistently and exponentially in each feeling of the word development. On the off chance that such a domain is delivered in the association there would be programmed move of duty on each one in a specific way, the job of the HR

Genotype Examples

Genotype Examples Genotype The genotype is the DNA sequence of the genetic makeup of a cell, organism or individual, which determines a specific characteristic of that cell, organism, or individual. In other words, the genetic constitution of an organism is referred to as its genotype and describes an organism's complete set of genes. The genotype of an organism is the inherited map it carries within its genetic code. Not all organisms with the same genotype look or act the same way because appearance and behavior are modified by environmental and developmental conditions. Likewise, not all organisms that look alike necessarily have the same genotype. Genotype is what makes the trait; the information within a gene, and is determined by the makeup of alleles, a word that refers to the form of a gene that produces different effects. When two alleles contain information the genetic makeup of an organism results in some physical characteristics distinguishing that organism from others. Genotypes can only be determined by biological tests, not observations. Genotype is an inherited trait and hereditary information passed by the parents. The entire genetic information about an organism is contained in a genotype. This genetic information passed from parent to child is responsible for genetic traits such as eye color, height, hair color, the sound of the voice, certain diseases and various behaviors. Internally coded information that is carried by all organisms is the genotype. The cells are produced according to a genotype and are manifested in an outward, physical appearance which is called the phenotype. Without genotype there is no phenotype. Thus, all the physical parts, the molecules, cells and other structures, are built and maintained by cells following the instructions given by the genotype. As these physical structures begin to act and interact with one another they can produce larger and more complex phenomena such as metabolism, energy utilization, tissues, organs, reflexes and behaviors. The genotype that carries the genetic information determines a number of physical characteristics because the entire genetic information about an individual is contained with the genotype. Examples of Genotype: 1. Height For an individual's gene makeup there is tall variety (T) and there is short variety (s). T and s are called the alleles. The combination of these determines the height. If T is considered to be the dominant of the two out of the four possible combinations (Ts, ss, TT, sT) it is determined the individual to be pure breed and carry the height of the T genetic information. As a result, the probability of the offspring being short is 1 in 4. 2. Freckles or no freckles Again the information that is passed from parent to child is carried in the cell of the genotype. Whichever genotype becomes the dominant one determines if the child develops freckles or not. 3. Lactose intolerance If the trait of lactose intolerance is passed from the dominant parent to the child the probability that the child will also be lactose intolerant is extremely high.

Alice Walkers The Welcome Table An Analysis - 704 Words

The Welcome Table: An Analysis In the short story, The Welcome Table by Alice Walker, the theme is about ones faith is stronger than ones circumstances. Clugston constantly reminds the reader that the plot tells one what happens in the story, but the theme tells one what the story is about (7.1). While this distinction might be hazy for some readers, essentially Clugston is alluding to the fact that the theme of a story is the deeper meaning of message that the author is trying to construct. It would be boring to read a story where they author creates characters that openly discuss the theme in plain black and white language. Rather, Walker, by creating fascinating and intriguing fictional characters who are thrown into imagined lives that best embody the theme, the reader can almost more memorably appreciate the theme and the related concepts. Walker also demonstrates that time has not swept aside the issues of racism (Bates, 59). Numerous literary elements are used by Walker to sho wcase how ones faith is stronger and more immediate than ones circumstances. Walker does this most aptly in her meticulous description of the old woman, through the use of character, metaphor and simile: She was angular and lean and the color of poor gray Georgia earth, beaten by kingcotton and the extreme weather. Her elbows were wrinkled and thick, the skin ashenbut durable, like the bark of old pines. On her face centuries were folded into thecircles around one eye, while around theShow MoreRelatedOpression and Inequality2595 Words   |  11 PagesInequality within The Welcome Table and Country Lovers ENG 125 Introduction to Literature April 16, 2012 - 1 - [no notes on this page] RACISM, OPPRESSION AND INEQUAL 2 â€Å"Racism, Oppression, and Inequality within The Welcome Table and Country Lovers† In this paper I will analyze the similarities and differences between Country Lovers written in 1975 by Nadine Gordimer, and The Welcome Table written in 1970 by Alice Walker. The overall theme and concept between The Welcome Table and Country Lovers

Cyprus Shipping Industry shiping Management

Question: Discuss about the Cyprus Shipping Industry shipping Management. Answer: Introduction Cyprus is known as one of the largest shipping industries in the world. They hold the position of 10th largest fleet industry in the world. From early 1963, it has implemented their significant purposes towards the social, political and economic development in the shipping industry. The government has implemented different policies, which has attract the shipping entrepreneurs. It strongly influenced the high-quality services and standards of safety. The country has a developed legal system, which effectively works for the civil services, good labor relations, the banking system, developed telecommunication and air links for setup their shipping business. Cyprus has a high level of professionalism in the legal and accounting sectors, which helps to conduct with the business. There are several economic advantages available in the Cyprus shipping industry, which help to make the business strong. The European entrepreneurs of local companies have been provided several facilities, which include favorable tax, annual tonnage tax, ship registration costs, international business enterprises, enough availability of local employees, low operation and construction costs. The shipping industry operates the international fleets with almost 1857 ocean going vessels. It is one of the major ship management centers, which control around 60 ship management companies in Cyprus. It is established in the Eastern Mediterranean countries, which is located in the center of three continents of Asia, Africa and Europe. The industry is based on the tonnage tax system, which helps the charter vessels exempted from income tax. It automatically pays the taxes through the tonnage tax system but those shipping are not entitled to capital gain by selling the vessels or transferring the goods. In the year of 1987, Turkey introduced their restrictive measures to the Cyprus flag vessels at the Turkish ports. Before the establishment of the international shipping relation, Turkey has refused to recognize the government of the Republic of Cyprus due to the inter-communal violence that commenced in December 1963. It was ended by the participation of Turkish Cypriot, which was governed by the Cypriot Government. After the situation was managed, Turkey restricted the measures of the shipping industry and extends all ships for connecting with Cyprus (Carter et al. 2015). Discussion In the international maritime center, the Cyprus Shipping Centre makes their antique and strong quality of tonnage and most successful export service with over 130 shipping companies. Cyprus has built the most exceptional maritime infrastructure and high level of expertise, which not only make the impacts in the trade system but also works in the industries of the ship brokering, surveying and maritime insurance. They also offer 24/7 support and emergency service. The Cyprus Flag is considered as one of the highest quality flags, which ranked at the top of the Port State Control Agreement. The Cyprus Shipping Chamber (CSC) helps in the development of the shipping industry and effectively works with Department of Merchant Shipping (DMS) (Goldman 2016). Cyprus effectively works on different international sectors, which include the International Labour Organization (ILO), International Maritime Organization (IMO) and the European Maritime Safety Agency (EMSA). The shipping industry has very attractive operational and legislative shipping frameworks, which helps them to gain advantages in the international and domestic shipping industry. Therefore, within and outside of EU, this shipping industry has developed their international shipping management center (Carter et al. 2015). There are several advantages have been found which help Cyprus to become one the strongest international maritime centers. The advantages are: It is part of the European Union and European Monetary Union member state The Department of Liberal Foreign Direct Investment Regime has allowed and helped the country with 100% foreign participation in every shipment sectors (Ulusoy 2016) The country has not set any exchange control Movements of foreign currency without any exchange policy The tonnage tax which is approved by the EU along with tax incentives The companys operating costs are lower than other shipping industries Modern and efficient legal, accounting and banking services in the companies Several signatory international maritime conventions The Tonnage Tax Regime is one of the best parts in Cyprus, which helps to manage the ship charters, qualifying ship owners and quality ship. They are exempted from income tax on their shipping activities, which include: The disposal by the shipping company for their share The dividends amount which is paid from the profits Disposal of the qualifying ship while rendering the ship management process The interest of share or disposal of qualifying ship The bank interest which earned according to their working capital and shipping revenue where it pays expenses out of the qualifying activities The Cyprus Shipping Management system offers the best services with a long-term and deep commitment to the shipping industry. They offer 24/7 services for recognized as one of the strong record of accomplishment of service. They offer several numbers of services, which include Tax Advisory Compliance Services, Assurance Services, Advisory Services, Global Compliance and reporting and Transaction Advisory Services (Stylianou 2017). The Cyprus shipping management holds the largest Crew management center with 130-ship management, ships owning, and shipping-related companies for operating with the international shipping management system. Greek Cypriot has already added their business with Cyprus in their ship owning, ship management, and shipping-related industries. For providing best services, they have expanded their services in various parts of the European regions, which help to develop their shipping industry to build the long-term business (Ulusoy 2016). Cyprus has a huge source of highly educated personnel, which helps the company with highest benefits in the shipping management system. This shipping industry provides great opportunities for retaining highly trained workforce and helps to face the economic challenge (Goldman 2016). Cyprus Shipping industry provides best global contender for cooperate with 23 countries along with the labor supplying countries. Cyprus is recognized as one of the strongest Global Contenders. The Government of this country has jointly worked with the shipping industry associations such as introduced Cyprus Union of Ship-owners and Cyprus Shipping Chamber (Goldman 2016). Maritime Cyprus is one of the significant conferences which was launched in 1989 for attract 800 shipping executive from around the globe in every corner. This conference helped Cyprus to meet their position in the international shipping management for the establishment of International policy and global shipping trends. Cyprus has made the contribution of amount CYP170 million, which includes 2% of GDP in overall contribution. About 3500 people are employed in this industry, which is almost 2% of the total gainfully employed population (Carter et al. 2015). Cyprus is one of the members of United Nation. They have been collaborated with Council of Europe, International Monetary Fund, Commonwealth of Nations and World Bank. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency Agreement (MIGA) are signed by Cyprus for maintenance of foreign relations on shipment. The country followed a non-aligned foreign policy where they mainly grew trade relations with Israel, European Union and Greece (Ulusoy 2016). The non-alignment was introduced by Makarios III, the first President of the independent Republic of Cyprus. However due to extreme pressure, an inter-communal rivalry was formed between Turkey and Greece for the non-aligned movement. However, in 2004 Cyprus is became one of the high profile members of the non-aligned movement and entered into the European Union (Stylianou 2017). After the Greek sponsored of coup d'tat and the Turkish invention, Makarios had secured their shipment policies only with the legitimate government. Therefore, for such disposal by Turkey, it is recognized as Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, which is established in 1983. After the crisis in Turkey, the country has withdraw the Turkish forces and secured their Island according to the terms of the constitutional and territorial settlement (Ulusoy, 2016). Turkey refused to obey the Government of the Republic of Cyprus. Cyprus ceased to exist due to the inter-communal violence, which occurred in December 1963 where Turkey refused and ended the opportunities to participate in the Cypriot government. Cypriot government full military invasion captured in the Northern part of the island by Turkish military forces and declared their Independence in November 1983 as the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC). It is only represents Turkey (Goldman 2016). After the independence, Turkey refers to the Republic of Cyprus government and Greek Cypriot administration of Southern Cyprus. After the declaration of independence, the country wanted to negotiate the terms with turkey over the resolution of the Cypress problems and Turkey government and insists to refer the negotiations terms of the shipping business. However, due to the negative impact on Turkey, the European Union had not accepted the accession of the negotiation term. Turkey also re fused to allow Cypriot flagships to access in Turkish ports, which is one of the issues between the two countries (Carter et al. 2015). The Turkish invasion of Cyprus is also known as K?br?s Bar Harekt?, which was occurred due to the Turkish military invasion of the island of Cyprus. In the year of 1974, the Turkish force has been invaded and captured almost 3% of the island. The Greek military force was also captured and collapsed and after the ceasefire, it became the United Nations Buffer Zone in Cyprus. A year later, in 1975 almost 60,000 Turkish Cypriots was displaced from the south to the north. However, the Turkish military force has been ordered to protect the Turkish-Cypriot minority on the island who has suffered cruelty by the Greek-Cypriots (Cid 2016). However, the European Commission of Human Rights came to help the Greek-Cypriots where they found that the Turkish army repeatedly rapes women of all ages, humiliates hundreds of people, acted savage and tortured them. They were also became cruel with women, pensioners and children in relation to the detention by the Turkish forces, along with robbery and l ooting on an widespread scale, by Turkish Cypriots and Turkish troops (Goldman 2016). In the year of 1983, when the United Nations General Assembly passed the resolution of withdrawal of all occupation forces from Cyprus which form new conflicts with the Turkish Cypriots. In this situation, they declared independence of Turkey. In the year of 1997, the Republic of Cyprus came for a settlement with Turkey about the negotiations. In 1999, EU declared Turkey as the member of EU membership and passed the resolution by the Helsinki European Council (Stylianou 2017). However, the Turkish embargo is still in their force but they have developed their relationship with Cyprus and EU. Several provisions have been introduced which affects the relationship between EU ports and Turkey which are in relation to the carriage of goods by sea and all other operations through the sea trade. The overall application of EU Turkey Customs Union Agreement along with its extension to Cyprus is going to lead towards the lifting of the Turkish restrictive measures against Community shipping and Cyprus itself, with very positive economic effects for the country , regional and Community shipping (Cid 2016). In recent reports, it has been found that the Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan has assured about their support towards the UN-sponsored peace talks regarding the Cyprus issues. In the joint declaration, they have decided to make the negotiations and reunite with the island in a federation (Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, 2018). The economic gap between the southern and northern regions took the initiative for compromising or settlement of the conflicts. While the invention in Turkey, the presence of Turkish military helps to provide the safety towards the Turkish Cypriot until Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot came for the settlement (Sirkeci and Cohen 2016). Various protocols have been entered upon between the Republic of Turkey and the TRNC for the purpose of regulating the economic relations and existing trade. In the year of 1975, the Trade and Payment Protocol has been signed helps to strengthen the trade and economic relations between both the countries. In 1997, a Partnership Council was formed between Turkey and TRNC regarding the financial and economic issues. In 1998, State Aids in Investments, an agreement was signed between them, which followed to the establishment the trade relation between Turkey and TRNC. In 2000, the economic development programs were introduced and signed another Economic and Financial cooperation protocol for the maintenance of Turkeys financial and technical support (Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, 2018). Conclusion The Turkish Invasion has caused several negative impacts on the trade business with EU. Due to such conflicts, the EU ship managers and EU ship owners refused to accept the terms of sea-trade between the EU and Turkey. It mostly affected the Cyprus port industry in the shipping lines, which is one of the imports transshipment hubs for the Eastern Mediterranean region. However, the Government of the Republic of Cyprus has expressed their great shipment business with Turkey but there are some issues still can be found between the two countries. Cyprus ports competitiveness have been influenced considerably over the last few year. Several actions have been taken through the restrictive measures of turkey. Several actions have been taken for the removal of discriminatory and arbitrary restriction against Cyprus-related shipping and free trade (Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, 2018). An enormous reduction is presented by the transit trade through Cyprus ports caused by the Turkish embargo. Therefore of the embargo, the decrease of transit trade with respect to the Cyprus ports along with its effects on Cyprus economy is accountable for a yearly loss of profit of around 100 million. However, The Republic of Turkey has always supported Turkish Cypriot while they negotiate with the terms for settlement, which will protect them on the island. The Turkish Cypriot side has been found with proactive policies and constructive while processing on the negotiations. They always took initiatives for the solution of the Cyprus problem and tried to collaborate with Turkey for reached appropriate negotiation process. Reference Carter, J., Irani, G. and Volkan, V.D. eds., 2015. Regional and ethnic conflicts: Perspectives from the front lines. Routledge. Cid, M., 2016. The history of Cyprus and its geostrategic importance during the Cold War. Revista de Estudos Internacionais, 8(1), pp.117-134. Goldman, M., 2016. Turkey, Cyprus, and the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. Kavussanos, M.G. and Visvikis, I.D. eds., 2016. The International Handbook of Shipping Finance: Theory and Practice. Springer. zer, Y., 2016. Turkey and the European Union: processes of Europeanisation. Routledge. Salem, N., 2016. Cyprus: a regional conflict and its resolution. Springer. Sirkeci, I. and Cohen, J.H., 2016. Cultures of migration and conflict in contemporary human mobility in Turkey. European Review, 24(3), pp.381-396. Stergiou, A., 2016. TurkeyCyprusIsrael relations and the Cyprus conflict. Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, 18(4), pp.375-392. Stylianou, A., 2017. An investigation into how Greek Cypriots throughout the Hellenic diaspora have been affected by the missing persons of Cyprus from the 1974 Turkish invasion. Modern Greek Studies (Australia and New Zealand). Ulusoy, K., 2016. The Cyprus Conflict: Turkeys Strategic Dilemma. Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, 18(4), pp.393-406. Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. (2018). Relations with Turkey - Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. [online] Available at: https://mfa.gov.ct.tr/foreign-policy/relations-with-turkey/ [Accessed 8 Jan. 2018].

The papacy Essay Example For Students

The papacy Essay A lot happened with the papacy between the times of 500 and 1500 CE. It gained its significance as time went on, starting out as virtually nothing and ending upas a major power, ups and downs in between. These changes were due to both eventsand people, both outside and inside the Church. Essentially, it all began with Pope Leo the Great and the legacy that he leftbehind. This is where the popes prestige all began. Before him, the power wielded tothe pope was questionable and many times overlooked. But once he took on the title ofSupreme Pontiff, it was clear how things were to be. Another thing that was born by himwas the pope regulating ecumenical councils. Leo started this when it came time for theCouncil of Chalcedon. It was just another way he found to exercise his power as theultimate bishop, the bishop of Rome. Not only did he show that the pope was to be astrong religious leader, he proved that politics were important, too. He intervened inseveral attacks against Rome and ended up safeguarding the city through simplediscussions. Leo the Great set new standards for the bishop of Rome and left poeple toreally revere those who took on the role. We will write a custom essay on The papacy specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now There were things that hindered the strength of the papacy, such as CaeseroPapism. Justinian was a prime example of this and as an emperor practicing it, he gavehimself rights and powers in the Church which were really not his to have. Heestablished things like the Justinian Code, which in some ways benefited the Church as awhole but at the same time, did not. It led to rampant persecutions of other religionswhich is anything but Christian like. Subjectively, it did help to strengthen the Church. Christianity was given opportunities it did not have before. It was given the ability to bethe dominant religion. However, it did give the emperor the opportunity to impede onthe powers of the papacy, leaving things open to trouble. By the end of the Sixth century, another strong pope came along. Gregory theGreat developed the papacy further in the aspects of service to his poeple. He wasknown for starting and running a monastery, as well as taking on the many duties ofbeing pope. He strengthened the papacy by staying true when the bishop ofConstantinople was being pushy and by challenging other leaders in the Church toremain strong and fight the heresies and schisms going on. Gregory also found power indealing with the Germanic tribes that were threatening the Eastern Empire, eventuallycoming to terms with them peacefully. Once again, showing the importance that thepope can have on the politics of the Empire. One of the highest points in the papacy was when it crossed paths withCharlemagne in the Eigth century. Through his father, Pepin, the Church received amass of land which was in and of itself a form of power for the papacy and the Church atthe time. This Donation of Pepin became what was called the Papal States and reallyadded to the prestige of the papacy. It gave power and status to the Church whopreviously didnt really have anywhere to call their own, per say, and land was truly animportant thing back at the time. Once Charlemagne came into power, the relationshipbetween the Church and the Emperor flourished, especially after he was crowned by thePope himself. This relationship had many advantages and further secured the Churchand papacy. It was the most obvious way for the Church to grow in power and it alsomeant that the Church would have more stability. Though at the same time, therelationship put the papacy in a place where it could be bought over and was in essence,at the mer cy of the Emperor by obligation. It was also hard because Charlemagne had abad case of Caesero Papism. He was all over the Churchs business. It also caused greatproblems between the East and West and led to a split established by Leo III. Regardless,the relationship was very important to the existence of the papacy and the stability itI think that this was the final installment of what would be needed for whatwould be considered the papacy. It had been a rocky road, but by the end ofCharlemagne, I think it the papacy was finally established. It had to a good foundationand a bright future, although not totally shielded from problems (i.e. anti-popes, variousforms of corruption, etc). It had secured its connections with the government andachieved its own identity to the poeple. Throughout the times, various popes had proventhe absolute importance of the papacy and it would be a major player in life from thereon out. Not to say that the Ninth century was the end of papal problems, by n o meanswas this true, but it was the end of the fundamental formation of the territory. Papacyhad, in fact, become an undeniable reality. .u650dc3d60c812103559833783f67b457 , .u650dc3d60c812103559833783f67b457 .postImageUrl , .u650dc3d60c812103559833783f67b457 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u650dc3d60c812103559833783f67b457 , .u650dc3d60c812103559833783f67b457:hover , .u650dc3d60c812103559833783f67b457:visited , .u650dc3d60c812103559833783f67b457:active { border:0!important; } .u650dc3d60c812103559833783f67b457 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u650dc3d60c812103559833783f67b457 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u650dc3d60c812103559833783f67b457:active , .u650dc3d60c812103559833783f67b457:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u650dc3d60c812103559833783f67b457 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u650dc3d60c812103559833783f67b457 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u650dc3d60c812103559833783f67b457 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u650dc3d60c812103559833783f67b457 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u650dc3d60c812103559833783f67b457:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u650dc3d60c812103559833783f67b457 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u650dc3d60c812103559833783f67b457 .u650dc3d60c812103559833783f67b457-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u650dc3d60c812103559833783f67b457:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Marijuana Persuasive EssayBibliography:

The Old Man and the Sea †by Earnest Hemingway

The Old Man and the Sea – by Earnest Hemingway Free Online Research Papers Ernest Hemingway, the author of The Old Man and the Sea, based a lot of his books on his life, friends, and family. I will briefly discuss some of these similarities between his life and his book The Old Man and the Sea. In the book, The Old Man and the Sea, the old man, Santiago, has excellent eyesight. In most of the story his eyes and eyesight are discussed as being good. In reality, Hemingway had very poor vision. He was even turned down by the US Army due to poor vision. Hemingway spent part of his life living in Cuba. He loved to fish off the coast in his boat named the Pilar. Hemingway later left Cuba and the Cuban government turned his estate into a museum. Santiago also lived in Havana, Cuba in the book. Hemingway had a special place he liked to go to and talk to others about fish and fishing stories. This place was called Sloppy Joe’s. Sloppy Joe’s was owned by Joe Russell. In The Old Man and the Sea, Santiago and others also had a similar meeting place. Santiago’s meeting place was the terrace. Hemingway also lived in Key West and would take frequent fishing trips to Cuba with Joe â€Å"Josie† Russell, a good friend and the owner of Sloppy Joe’s. While on one of these trips he met a man named Carlos Gutierrez. Carlos had been a marlin fisherman for nearly forty years. Hemingway thought that Carlos was an excellent storyteller. Today it is believed that Carlos may have been a prototype for Santiago, who also was a great marlin fisherman and a great storyteller in the book. These are just a few connections between Ernest Hemingway and his book. Many authors make similar connections in their books. If you are interested in other connection go to your nearest bookstore or library and search online or get a book on your author’s life and start searching for connections. Research Papers on "The Old Man and the Sea" - by Earnest HemingwayEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenHip-Hop is Art19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraQuebec and CanadaThree Concepts of PsychodynamicNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceLifes What IfsThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Assess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 Europe

Animal euthanasia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Animal euthanasia - Essay Example The best solution, according to the article, is however to control the animals’ birth rate for a sustainable population size. The main reason for this opinion is that available shelters for the animals are limited. As a result, animals, especially the overpopulated dogs and cats in their old age, have to be let out of the shelters. Since this action endangers the lives of the animals to suffering and painful death, it is better to apply euthanasia because the method is fast and painless (Peta, 2012). I agree with the main argument of the article that the animals are supposed to be protected from pain and suffering. As a result, controlling their population to a sustainable number by the available shelter is the best alternative. Since this has not been achieved, a painless death is a better alternative to letting the animals wander in the fields in suffering until their death. My opinion is informed by the idea of animals’ rights that equivalently values the plight of a nimals as that of human beings. Like humans, the animals are psychological and recognize utility and pain. As a result, reducing their pain during death is a suitable way of respecting their right.Response to questionsMy desire to work for PETA Asia-Pacific is based on my love for animals and the desire to achieve a reasonable respect for their lives. This has been driven by my historical resentment over suffering that animals are subjected to through activities such as hunting, scientific research and neglect.

Combahee river corporative Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Combahee river corporative - Essay Example Black women have made massive economic progress in the past four decades. Black women occupied the base step of the economic ladder of America They were involved in labor force and earned much lesser than any other nation. Richard Nixon was hostile towards black in helping them catch up with whites in any run of life. In 1970, State of the Union address, he said about blacks, "for those who make massive demands on society to make some minimal demands on themselves." The socio-economic systems along with the political system demanded the struggle against oppression. The function of education, work experience, welfare reforms and the enforcement of equal opportunity laws played a crucial role in reshaping the feminist discourse in the USA.Black women's dissatisfaction, in both women's liberation groups and civil rights, resulted in National Black Feminist Organization (NBFO) in 1973, of New York, felt the urge to form it. Disillusionment within this movement resulted in few Black Femin ist organizations; one of the most prominent of these groups was Combahee River Collective Statement. They began meetings in 1974 in Boston. The name is the conceptualization from the guerrilla action which was led by Herriet Tubman on June 2, 1863, in the Port Royal region of south California. It freed almost 750 slaves and was the only military campaign in America led by a woman. Since then, in association with other progressive organizations and movements, Combahee River Collective Statement has been in process to define and clarify the politics of power and system. It is a collective of Black feminists, who are out there to define, clarify and identify the combined racial, social and political struggle. The women of African descent, who happen to be black, were faced by the constant life-and death struggle for survival and liberation. A black feminism or womanism organization was the product of oppressed racial and sexual castes dominated by extremely negative relationship between the American political system (a system of white male rule) and them. The distribution of Material resources was unfair to those who created resources. The further division of resources, between the men and women of black inhabitants, was complicating the situation in a worse manner because they were already limited to very few educational and employment options. The deprived people were baffled by the gender differences because Black women's intellectual interests had been attacked by their peers, mainly Black males. Initially, the politics of class and race brought these black feminists together. CRC also considered "capitalism" as the main reason for Black women's oppression. In a society, one faces different problem which are inter-connected for example it is hard to detach race from class and sex oppression because they are most often experienced simultaneously. They were racially and sexually oppressed and these two features were considerable determinants in their working/ economic lives. Neither had they had the access to resources nor any form of the power. These combinations of the oppressions had formed different condition in their lives which resulted in Combahee River Collective Statement. Absolute equality and freedom are ideas of an abstract world but they are the simple solutions. They would demand the destruction of the structure of oppression. These females not only do political work as a group, but continued their individual involvement in Lesbian politics, sterilization abuse and abortion rights work. They initiated functioning as a study group and also began conversing about the possibility of starting a Black feminist publication to distribute their work. They setup a rape crisis center in Black vicinities. Organizing welfare, health care and daycare are the main concerns. They also conduct many educational workshops. They all are working for a

The incoming UK government Essay Example for Free

The incoming UK government Essay In 1997, the incoming UK government provided The National Literacy Strategy, a steady and consistent1 means of raising standards of literacy, in English primary schools. The motive behind raising these standards was for the economy because if the levels of literacy were to low in a significant proportion of the population, then the economy could have shattering consequences. In a report on the impact of literacy, education and training on the UK Economy, the accountants Ernst and Young estimate that; 60% of all jobs now require reasonable reading skills2 and goes on to warn that UK productivity is relatively low compared with its major competitors Whilst in opposition, the government had set up a Literacy Task force, which set out a National Literacy Strategy designed to raise these standards in English primary schools across the UK. Targets were set and by 2002, 80% of year six children were expected to reach level four or above in the Key Stage 2 English tests. The Framework inside the National Literacy Strategy had been derived from means developed by the previous government in the National Literacy Project, also aimed to raise standards of literacy but only in a specified number of LEAs. This Framework sets out teaching objectives from reception through to year six to enable children to become fully literate and it provides a useful structure of class and time management for the daily Literacy hour. It is also expected that extra time may be needed for the allocation of reading to the class, pupils own independent reading for interest and pleasure and extended writing as well as Literacy being productively linked to other curriculum areas. The main objectives that the framework focuses on is three broad divisions of literacy, these include word level work, e.g. phonics, vocabulary, spelling, and handwriting, sentence level work, e.g. punctuation and grammar. And finally text level work, e.g. comprehension and composition. The National Literacy Strategy gives examples of what a literate primary pupil should be able to do, for example, read and write with confidence, fluency and understanding; be able to orchestrate a full range of reading cues (phonic, graphic, syntactic, contextual) to monitor their reading and correct their own mistakes3 As far as childrens progress in reading is concerned the National Literacy Strategy states that from the outset children must understand that words are made up of letters and these letters correspond with spoken sounds. In Key Stage 1, they should be taught to check their reading for sense, using grammar and the meaning of the text. This should then help them identify errors and correct them, not only whilst in Key Stage 1 but Key Stage 2 and beyond. Methods of teaching reading suggested by the National Literacy Strategy include, shared reading, guided reading and individual reading, each playing an important part in the learning to read process. Shared reading involves the whole class using a text e.g. a big book, text extract or poster. Here the teacher leads the reading pointing as she goes, with the children joining in. This method was developed by teachers working with Don Holdaway (1979) in New Zealand and has advantages that can over ride some of the difficulties that teachers experience with regular books, for example the book can be shared by the whole class and every one can see the print, the teacher can direct the childrens reading by pointing to indicate where they start reading and can bring to attention certain words, punctuation, graphology quicker by indicating using a finger or pointing tool. Holdaways idea of shared reading and carpet time is to re-invent the bed-time story and create a homely routine that can be practised in the classroom, and allow all the children to have intimate access to the book. From my own experience of shared reading I find that the children enjoy this part of literacy hour because of the intimacy and informal set up of the classroom. I found that even years five and six enjoy carpet time because it brings the class closer together and the formal classroom atmosphere almost disappears. Research by Lloyd Eldredge, Ray Rentzel and Paul Hollingsworth at Brigham Young University proved that this method was more successful than previous methods i.e. round robin. After four months, the shared reading group had significantly higher scores on tests of reading fluency, vocabulary acquisition and comprehension. There was evidence that the supported reading experience of the shared reading group had the greatest impact on the word recognition abilities of the pupils who initially were the poorest readers 4 In this situation I found the children more likely to ask questions about the text or the vocabulary used and children who were not used to reading or seemed distanced when reading individual work were more alert and interactive and able to work from texts beyond their independent reading levels. From being in a classroom one of the difficulties I have noticed, especially in the reading progress, is coping with differentiated groups. This is where guided reading comes into action. As with shared reading, guided reading helps children to progress by developing a deeper and clearer understanding than might be achieved individually. Talking to the teacher and their peers whilst reading a text can develop skills such as critical perspectives, predicting plot developments and being able to extract key points in a text. As well as being developed for the childrens progress, guided reading was introduced to make more efficient use of the teachers time. A report by OFSTED (1996) found teachers spending too much time listening to each child read. Guided reading has been developed so the teacher is in a position to focus on points tat are relevant for the whole ability group rather than individuals. It has also been noted that boys respond more positively to active and interactive nature of such readings 5 This sounds all very well but drawing on my own experience I find it does not always work like that. When the teacher is working with one group, the other groups do not work to their standard, either because a discussion has turned into an argument, the children are having difficulties and there is no one to help or they have lost concentration. However, for what ever the reason the children are distracted, this part of the lesson seems to be a difficult section to maintain the standards and expectations as stated in the National Literacy Strategy. On my first placement I saw a different approach to guided reading, in the form of reading in pairs, a year six child and a year three child were reading partners. I believe that this reading partner technique should play a bigger part in the National Literacy Strategy than it already does. At present all it states in the document is; to enable other pupils to work independently individually, in pairs or in groups without recourse to the teacher 6 In the situation I witnessed where an older child choose a book for a younger peer and listened to him reading it, was a valuable experience for both children. The year three enjoyed the attention from the older child and seemed highly motivated in his reading. The year six however, gained experience in choosing books for other people, rather than reading a book he was thinking about suitable content, language and illustrations for the younger child to enjoy. This is an excellent way in which to offer a meaningful context for children to consider these different aspects of the reading process. For the year three child this partnership allowed for development within the zone of proximal development, this is Vygotskys description where; what a child can do with assistance today she will be able to do by her self tomorrow7 Also for the older child the routine is challenging as it enforces a different thinking. In the same twenty minute period as guided reading the National Literacy Strategy also expects some individual work to take place. The objectives for these are stated in the document and include; independent reading and writing proof reading and editing comprehension work8 The National Literacy Strategy also states that; pupils should be trained not to interrupt the teacher and there should be sufficient resources and alterative strategys for them to fall back on if they get stuck 9 Having taught a literacy lesson I find this last quote ironic. The whole point of having a teacher is to teach the children to read and here it says the children must be trained not to interrupt the teacher. I am speaking from my own experience when I say that no matter how many resources or alternative strategies you offer children, the child will always come to the teacher first. However, I do agree with the fact that children should be taught and learn, not train, to find information and solve difficulties using alternatives such as a CD-ROM or a dictionary. Other strategies that are discussed in the National Literacy Strategy that will forward their progression in reading include; Direction, this is to enable the pupils to know what they are doing, to draw attention to key points and to develop key strategies in reading and writing. Another example is modelling; pupils are to discuss features of written texts through the process of shared reading of books and extracts. From first hand experience I believe that the National Literacy Strategy, along with other documents i.e. National Numeracy Strategy, will benefit children and teachers and make primary pupils more literate. The structured routine is consistent and concise throughout Key Stage one and Key Stage two however, for a teacher to meet these standards and produce high quality work from the children as well as making lessons, discursive, interactive, well-paced, confident and ambitious (as stated in the National Literacy Strategy) is a demanding challenge. In 1992, Jaap Scheerens meta-analysed research from across the world and provided factors which affect schools and their performance. His research showed structured teaching was important and defined this as; making clear what has to be learnt, dividing material into manageable units, teaching in a well considered sequenceregular testing, immediate feedback10 His research also showed that whole class teaching is often more effective than individualised teaching and the time spent on subjects and how the children are inspired, challenged and praised all increase learning activity. The National Literacy Strategy incorporates most of Scheerens findings and because of the way it is set out as a uniform for the whole country to follow, I believe standards could be raised. However, I also believe that the way children are taught to read and understand texts by using extracts and part of texts could be damaging to the pupil. It makes reading seem un-enjoyable and this is exactly what the National Literacy Strategy is trying to avoid. Most of the children I have worked with have enjoyed the Literacy Hour more when they can work on a text they have read all the way through and they feel they have a better understanding and better liking of the text. Resource List * Eldredge, J.L., Reutzel, D.R., and Hollingsworth, P.M., 1996, Comparing the Effectiveness of Two Oral Reading Practices: Round-Robin and the Shared Book Experience, Journal of Literacy Research. * Ernst Young, 1993, Literacy, Education and Training: Their impact on the UK economy * Graham, J., Kelly, A., Reading Under Control, Teaching Reading in the Primary School, 2000 * Literacy Task Force, 1997b The Implementation of the National Literacy Strategy, DFEE * National Literacy Strategy, Introduction, 1998,DFEE * Scheerens, J., 1992, Effective Schooling: Research, Theory and Practice * Vygotsky, L., 1962, Thought and Language 1 Literacy Task Force, 1997b The Implementation of the National Literacy Strategy, DFEE 2 Ernst Young, 1993, Literacy, Education and Training: Their impact on the UK economy 3 National Literacy Strategy, Introduction, 1998, DFEE 4 Eldredge, J.L., Reutzel, D.R., and Hollingsworth, P.M., 1996, Comparing the Effectiveness of Two Oral Reading Practices: Round-Robin and the Shared Book Experience, Journal of Literacy Research. 5 Graham, J., Kelly, A., Reading Under Control, Teaching Reading in the Primary School, 2000 6 National Literacy Strategy, Introduction p 12, 1998, DFEE 7 Vygotsky, L., 1962, Thought and Language 8 National Literacy Strategy, Introduction p 13, 1998, DFEE 9 National Literacy Strategy, Introduction p 12, 1998, DFEE 10 Scheerens, J., 1992, Effective Schooling: Research, Theory and Practice

Sears Kmart Merger Essay -- essays research papers

Due to slow sales and less traffic at both Sears and Kmart, the two have decided to merge creating one entity named Sears Holdings. Kmart has agreed to buy Sears for $11 Billion. This puts Sears Holdings at the third largest retailer behind Wal-Mart and Home Depot. Although Wal-Mart is a direct competitor with Kmart, Sears Holdings goal is not to compete with Wal-Mart directly, but find areas that have been overlooked by other retailers, and take advantage of the expanded line of products the new company has to offer. Sears has had higher sales than Kmart, so hundreds of Kmart’s will be transformed into Sears stores. As of now, most of Sears 870 stores are only found in malls. The new strategy would be to open Sears stores in current Kmart locations, to offer consumers with a different variety of products than what’s currently available from large retailers like Kmart and Wal-Mart. Sears is known for selling items such as their exclusive line of craftsman tools and Ken more appliances. In the future these Sears exclusives will be found in Kmart stores, and Kmart exclusives such as Martha Stewarts line of housewares will be found in Sears. This merger will bring a wide array of products to a larger group of consumers. Currently consumers looking to buy home appliances like stoves or refrigerators have to go to a mall with a Sears store or a specialty store like Best Buy or Circuit City. Not all consumers live near a mall, so buying from Sears may not be an option. Although bot...

David the King

David the King of Israel and the 21 Irrefutable Laws of Leadership After two thousand years of being scattered around the world, the Israelites, God’s chosen people were finally able to come back to their historic home. When they finally settled in and formed a new government, they decided to have as their national symbol a flag with the Star of David prominently displayed in the center. One has to ask, of all the great and mighty leaders that have come and gone in the history of ancient Israel, they opted to have David as the symbol of unity, strength, resiliency, courage and above all integrity for the newly formed nation. This paper will look into the life of David and how he has risen from anonymity and transformed himself to become the most effective general and political leader Israel has ever known. Introduction Based on what can be gleaned from the Bible, David did not come from royalty. But his family could not also be considered as dirt poor since his grandparents according to the Book of Ruth owned land. Nevertheless, David had to work as a shepherd boy to help augment the income of his family. They also have no servants because when it was time to seek news and provide supplies to his brothers in the war front, David’s father asked his youngest son to travel instead of asking a trusted male servant to the job. The above-mentioned information is very important because it must be established that David was not groomed as a leader. It also provides contrast to the current situation in the 21st century where people are more aware of leadership quality traits and that schools and leadership programs are being established to replicate good leaders. But it was not the case with David. It can be argued that David was thrust into the limelight so to speak and he did not plot his way to the throne of Israel. When he visited his brothers, he witnessed and heard and unusual sight – the people of God cowered in fear against a man-giant called Goliath. The 8-foot plus warrior was taunting and blaspheming the Israelites and Yahweh respectively. His young heart could not take the insults and so he decided to do something about it and the rest as they say is history. 21 Laws of Leadership The fact that David did not consciously desired to be king and the fact that his family did not actively encouraged him to set his sights so high can be a very good starting point for studying the 21 laws of leadership. If Maxwell was right then even ancient peoples practiced these principles. If this study provides proof that an ancient leader such as David did indeed – consciously or unconsciously – sought out the benefits of these principles then at the end of this study one can conclude that John Maxwell was right to say that these principles are indeed irrefutable. The following pages describes Maxwell’s laws of leadership as seen in the life of David: A. The Law of the Lid- Leadership ability determines a person’s level of effectiveness David did not enroll in leadership school. His was a training program found in the wilderness. It was not formal but he desired to perfect the little talent that he had and from here he accelerated faster than the others did. During this time all he knew was three skills. The first one was to tend sheep; the second one is the ability to ward off predators using a slingshot and stick; and finally the ability to play the harp B. The Law of Process- Leadership develops daily, not in a day There were others who probably knew the same skills set as David but he became an expert in the little things on a daily basis he practiced the playing of the harp and the dead aim of a slingshot-shooter able to scare away lions and bears. He kept plugging on it until his fame grew as a young boy eager to please his father and also as a budding musician skillful with the harp. Because of constantly desiring excellence even in the little things, David was rewarded in his efforts. The news of a good musician skilled in the art of providing happiness to a gloomy heart reached the ears of a depressed King Saul. This was the beginning of an accelerated development process for David. On the part of David, it is very probable that he was not there absentmindedly fiddling with the harp but actively soaking it in learning all that he could. Now, the young is not only learning about the ways of sheep, lions, and bear he is also beginning to get an insight into the ways of a leader in the times when he was called into the palace. During this time, David had insider information as to how a government should be run. There were only a few young men given the privilege of doing so. C. The Law of Intuition- Leaders evaluate everything with a leadership bias There were many examples in his life when one can see this principle regarding intuition is in full display. The first one is when he faced Goliath. David did not grandstand or acted foolish as was suggested by his brothers. God knew what was going on, David was prompted by something so profound that no one in the whole camp was able to understand except this young man. The leader’s intuition was first displayed here when David refused to back down from a blasphemer and instead asked permission to go to battle with the giant. The second time this intuition was on display was when David refused to glory in humiliating Saul and finally when his enemy was killed he did not gloat and showed tremendous restraint choosing instead to mourn the former ruler of Israel. In this way David demonstrated a leadership bias and not merely someone following the dictates of emotions. D. The Law of Influence- The true measure of leadership is influence When David decided to become a dutiful son he immediately became an influence in his region. He was well known and it is the reason why he was brought to the palace of the king. Yet his influence grew even more in his association with the king. Finally his capacity to influence others grew exponentially when he destroyed Goliath. This capability was in full display when was able to convince the King that the whole nation should put their trust in him, knowing fully well that if he failed then Israel will be enslaved by the Philistines. His ability to influence grew as he was considered as Israel’s new hero. The Adult Years In the second phase of his life, David finds himself married, a successful career in the military and serving a delusional king, severely depressed and jealous of his success. It was at this time when he was driven out of the palace and he survived by living in caves. It is also at this point in his life when one can observe the following leadership principles come into play: 1. The Law of E.F. Hutton- When a real leader speaks, people listen 2. The Law of Respect- People naturally follow leaders stronger than themselves 3. The Law of Magnetism- Who you are is who you attract 4.The Law of Solid Ground- Trust is the foundation of leadership 5. The Law of Empowerment- Only secure leaders give powers to others 6. The Law of Connection- Leaders touch a heart before they ask for a hand The people that he met – during the time when he was Public Enemy No. 1 – were acknowledged to be fugitives like David. Many were the dirty dregs of society and the Israeli military would love nothing but their capture. Yet it was from this group that David handpicked his future leaders and used it as the core to create one of the most feared armed forces in the history of ancient warfare (1 Sam. 22). This could only happen if David was able to practice the 8 leadership principles listed above, including those mentioned previously. The desperate men gathered in the caves listened to David because they believe in him and they respect him because they sense that he is a man of inner strength. They probably heard that he was the one who had slain the giant while he (David) was still in puberty. They may have also figured out that Saul is hunting him down though he is innocent. So they were attracted to him because like them he has full of potential but circumstances conspired to make him a lesser man. It is also because of David’s loyalty to Saul – in spite of the king’s ingratitude – that made the people feel that they can trust this young man. So by training them and teaching them how to behave like a disciplined military unit, he was able to touch their inner being and he was able to empower them. Reigning King The following principles are evident even before he was making a push to ascend the throne of Israel. But it was only when he reached manhood when David was mature enough to display the following: E. The Law of Navigation- Anyone can steer the ship, but it takes a leader to chart the course For many years, David was living in a remote outpost far from Saul. But when Saul was dead he knew that the best step is to go to the capital and claim what was rightfully his according to the late prophet Samuel. F. The Law of The Big Mo- Momentum is a leader’s best friend David allowed his organization, his small band of men to gather momentum. There is no use charging a fortified target if the group is not yet ready. Momentum was building for years and when he was ready he made it known that it was time to go to Jerusalem. G. The Law of Timing- When to lead is as important as what to do and where to go Those who are eager enough to seize power and those who are foolish enough to charge in without being sensitive to what is happening all around him is not a good leader. David demonstrated his knack for timing when he did not immediately enter Jerusalem after Saul’s death. He waited until he has gathered enough support – until his army is ready to face whatever it is that the enemy can throw against them. H. The Law of Production- It takes a leader to raise up a leader One of the main reasons why David was able to establish a strong government can be attributed to his ability to raise up leaders. He was able to train former fugitives who used to have no direction in life until he stepped in and intervened in their behalf. The result was awesome, a multitude of military leaders were equipped and made ready for battle. I. The Law of Buy-In- People buy into the leader and then the vision Aside from leading a band of former fugitives to capture Jerusalem and other key areas in the Promised Land, the vision that David provided for his men were almost impossible to achieve. The men who went with him in pursuit of the dream have to believe first in David before they could follow him into harm’s way. J. The Law of the Inner Circle- A leader’s potential is determined by those closest to him It is important to note that David’s capability can also be determined by the caliber of people that he surrounds himself with. According to 2Sam 16 it was not only efficient military commanders that comprise David’s inner circle but also religious men who are also an important component of Israel society. K. The Law of Victory- Leaders find a way for the team to win David, it seems, can find the solution to his problem in just the nick of time. He saw the weakness in Goliath’s armor and he was well aware of his enemies weaknesses and strength allowing him to become Israel’s’ most victorious military strategist. L. The Law of Priorities- Leaders understand that activity is not necessarily accomplishment When Absalom, David’s son decided to rebel against his father and tried to usurp the kingdom, David did the unthinkable. He retreated and crossed the Jordan. He saw no reason to fight Absalom and engage him head on. He was criticized by this act but he demonstrated that it is not only ruthless action that can win wars. M. The Law of Sacrifice- A leader must give up to go up It is too many to count the times when David decided to sacrifice something in order to win. The first time that he demonstrated this is by obeying his father and doing all the tedious work needed to support his family. The second incident is when he decided to run away rather than to stage a coup against his King Saul. N.The Law of Explosive Growth- To add growth, lead followers-to multiply, lead leaders In the earlier part of his reign David was able to grow the army in size and potency in warfare. David has at least thirty chiefs responsible for hundreds of men. On top of this there are many that defected to David to increase further the strength of his army. O. The Law of Legacy – A leader's lasting value is measured by succession Before he died, David left the Kingdom of Israel into the hands of capable men. One of them is Solomon who grew up to lead Israel into its golden age. But there is perhaps no other legacy that David left behind than to prepare a bloodline from which Jesus Christ will come from. Conclusion Even though the 21 laws of leadership was a modern take at leadership principles and values; it is clear to see that ancient men were able to observe and practice them. One of the ancient rulers who benefited greatly from the wisdom of the 21 laws is a young man called David. He was once a shepherd boy who grew up to become one of the most beloved and one of the most accomplished military general and ruler of Israel. References Maxwell, J. (2007). The 21 Irrefutable Laws of Leadership. Retrieved from: Â  Accessed 17 September 2007. Holy Bible. (2005) Today’s New International Version. CO: International Bible Society. Â  

Definition and Examples of Encomia in Rhetoric